{
  "type": "failure-mode",
  "name": "A participant set that cannot bear scrutiny",
  "slug": "a-participant-set-that-cannot-bear-scrutiny",
  "section": {
    "id": "ceremony",
    "number": "04",
    "title": "Running or reusing a trusted setup",
    "url": "https://zkpick.com/ceremony/"
  },
  "url": "https://zkpick.com/ceremony/failure-modes/a-participant-set-that-cannot-bear-scrutiny/",
  "markdown": "https://zkpick.com/md/ceremony/failure-modes/a-participant-set-that-cannot-bear-scrutiny.md",
  "detail": "Contributors are all employees, investors or close partners of the project. The 1-of-N assumption is formally satisfied and practically worthless, because a single organisation could have controlled every contribution.",
  "mitigation": "Recruit adversarially: parties with no stake, competitors, independent researchers, other jurisdictions. Publish affiliations so readers can judge independence for themselves.",
  "relatedOptions": [],
  "updated": "2026-09-12",
  "version": "1.3",
  "canonical": "https://zkpick.com/ceremony/failure-modes/a-participant-set-that-cannot-bear-scrutiny/",
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "authors": [
    "MarketComp"
  ]
}